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WDM Technical Series─Coyotes
wolves, determined that all the breeds successfully,
protected sheep, but showed different guarding traits
and behaviors. Producers may want to balance the traits of
multiple dog breeds by having some that prefer to stand
guard with the flock and some that seek out and
investigate potential threats.
The characteristics of each livestock operation dictates the
number of dogs required for effective guarding. If coyotes are
scarce, one dog is sufficient for most fenced pasture
operations. Range operations often use two dogs per herd of
livestock. The performance of individual dogs differs based
on age and experience.
Coyote density, as well as the size, topography, and habitat of
the pasture or range must also be considered. Relatively flat,
open areas can be adequately covered by one dog. When
brush, timber, ravines and hills are in the pasture, several
dogs may be needed, particularly if the livestock are
scattered. Livestock that flock and form a cohesive unit,
especially at night, can be protected by one dog more
effectively than livestock that are scattered and bedded in a
number of locations.
Donkeys
Donkeys or burros are generally docile to people but seem to
have an inherent dislike for dogs and other canids. The
typical response of a donkey to an intruding canid may
include braying, bared teeth, a running attack, kicking, and
biting. Pasturing a donkey with sheep, goats or other
compatible livestock can help reduce coyote depredation.
Donkeys are less expensive to obtain and care for than
LPDs, and may be less prone to accidental death and
premature mortality. An average lifespan for a donkey is 33
years. Donkeys can be used with relative safety in
conjunction with other damage management tools, such as
cable devices, foothold traps, and toxicants.
For more information about donkeys, see Appendix II.
Llamas
Like donkeys, llamas have an inherent dislike of canids, and
a growing number of producers are using llamas to protect
their livestock. Llamas bond with sheep or goats within hours
and offer advantages over guarding dogs similar to those
described for donkeys. The average lifespan for a llama is 20
years.
Other Animals
Any animal that displays aggressive behavior toward intruding
coyotes may offer some benefit in deterring depredation.
Other animals reportedly used for reducing depredation
include mules, ostriches, and larger breeds of goats.
The USDA Wildlife Services program tested whether the
bonding and pasturing of sheep and goats with cattle helped
to protect them from coyote depredation. Results showed the
sheep and goats that remained near cattle did receive some
protection. Whether this protection was the result of direct
actions by the cattle or by the coyotes’ response to the cattle
is uncertain. Multi-species grazing allows for optimal foraging
practices and may also help reduce coyote depredation.
Habitat Modification
Modify habitats to eliminate or reduce areas that provide
cover, resting habitat, or travel corridors for predators.
Prevent prey species, such as deer, pheasants, rabbits, or
turkeys from gathering too close to human habitation or
with livestock. Completely remove dead animal carcasses
from pastures or bury them deep in place.
Hazing
Hazing (i.e., scaring) coyotes involves people yelling,
throwing objects or aggressively approaching individual
coyotes more frequently so that coyotes retain or gain
more fear of people. It is commonly promoted as a
nonlethal method to reduce urban coyote conflicts. USDA
Wildlife Services’ studies with captive coyotes suggest that
hazed coyotes learn to avoid behaviors, such as getting too
close to people, that might result in more hazing.
Additionally, coyotes that were fed or followed by a dog
were more likely to approach a person even if it resulted in
hazing. Coyote hazing can work in certain situations, but
researchers note a coyote’s past experiences with people
influences the technique’s effectiveness.